Parametric amplifiers and frequency dividers are a class of devices less known by RF enthusiasts. Modulation of some parameter of the circuit, commonly the active gain or the resonant susceptances, enables amplification by energy pumping or sub-harmonic oscillation. In this article, we use parametric sub-harmonic oscillation to create a microwave
In most modulation systems, for transmission over long distances, high power amplifiers are used at the output. Large amplifiers are intrinsically nonlinear, due to their class of operation and the trade-off of linearity vs. efficiency of the design. Nonlinear models are every engineer's nightmare. In the field of
One of the most important factors for understanding the phenomena found in day-to-day engineering is the deep knowledge of the tools and their natural functioning. I mean, by natural, the intrinsic characteristics – the connection the tool has with nature, which appears only when we interconnect knowledge with other areas, in
In digital communication, where data messages are transmitted encoded in bitstreams, the receiver end is always presented with the challenge of clock recovery. Clock recovery is the art of reestablishing the time slices of the encoded bits, that were generated in the transmitter side. This timing information, for NRZ signals,
For proper operation of the Microwave Power Meter, a calibration system was developed, working as a dynamic mapping function that converts the Power Meter Probe voltage to the corresponding input power. The calibration system and procedures determines the final absolute accuracy of the equipment, and its design needs to allow