Digital Electronics

A Simple 2nd Order Low-Pass Filter

Low-pass filtering is key for noise reduction, sensor averaging, and controller stabilization. This article introduces a second-order low-pass filter, adjustable via complex pole placement in the Z-plane for optimal resonance and Q factor.

Nonlinear amplifiers: Saleh model

In most modulation systems, for transmission over long distances, high

Clock Recovery with digital PLL

In digital communication, where data messages are transmitted encoded in